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MINIMUM STANDARDS FOR OPEN SPACE

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ANNEX 1: BIBLIOGRAPHY

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DETR (Mar 2001) Revision of Planning Policy Guidance Note PPG 17 Sport, Open Space and Recreation, Consultation Paper, DETR
DTLR (May 2002) Report of the Urban Green Spaces Taskforce, DTLR
Dundee City Council (Apr 1998) Survey of Public Open Spaces and Sports and Recreation Facilities, Draft Final Report
Dundee City Council/Scottish Natural Heritage (Feb 1999) Dundee's Public Open Space Strategy
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Earley, D (2001) NPFA Six Acre Standard, 4th June 2001, ILAM Responses, http://www.ilam.co.uk/pol-01-09.asp
English Nature (1995) Accessible Natural Greenspace in Towns and Cities: A Review of Appropriate Size and Distance Criteria, No.153 English Nature Research Reports
English Nature (2003) Accessible Natural Greenspace Standards in Towns and Cities: A Review and Toolkit for their Implementation
European Commission (1996) European Sustainable Cities Report of the Expert Group on the Urban Environment, Brussels, March.
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Glasgow City Council (Apr 2004) Strategic Review of Parks and Open Spaces
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Gordon, C. and P. Shirley (2003) All Things to All People - Parks and Semi-Natural Open Spaces in 21st Century Britain, Landscape Design, March.
Greater London Authority, Mayor of London, The London Plan (June 2003) Guide to Preparing Open Space Strategies, Greater London Authority
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Harrison, C, Burgess, J, Millward, A. and G. Dawe (1995) Accessible natural greenspace in towns and cities: a review of appropriate size and distance criteria, Research Report no. 153, English Nature.
Hehl-Lange, S., Mambretti, I., Lange, E., Schmid, W.A. Grafe, S. and R. Bocker (2001) Greenspace in Zurich, case study inventory, unpublished report to EC, Greenspace.
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HM Treasury (2001) Cross Cutting Review on Improving the Public Space, Crown Copyright
Holmes, M. G. R., Young, A. R., Goodwin T. H. and R. Grew (2005) A catchment-based water resource decision-support tool for the United Kingdom, Environmental Modelling & Software, February, pp 197-202.
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House of Commons (2002) Public Spaces, The Role of PPG 17 in the Urban Renaissance, Copyright House of Commons, HMSO Norwich
Hubbard, P. (1997) Diverging attributes of planners and the public: An examination of architectural interpretation, Journal of Architectural and Planning Research, vol. 14, no. 4, pp. 317-328.
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ILAM (1991) A Guide to Management Plans for Parks & Open Spaces, Print Spot Ltd, Reading
ILAM (1991) A Strategic Approach to the Planning & Management of Parks & Open Spaces, Print Spot Ltd, Reading
ILAM (Feb 1999) Benchmarking and Performance Indicators for Best Value, KMC Consulting
Jones, B. (1990) Neighbourhood Planning: A Guide for Cities and Planners, Planners Press, Chicago.
Kuo, F.E., Sullivan, W.C., Coley, R.L. and Brunson, L. (1998). Fertile ground for community; Inner-city neighbourhood common spaces. American Journal of Community Psychology, 26(6), 823-851.
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Laing, R., Davies, A., Hargreaves, A. & Scott, S. (2003) 'The Application of 3D Modelling Techniques in Built Environment Evaluation', Studies in Urban and Regional Planning, forthcoming.
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Scottish Natural Heritage Commissioned Report No. 060
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Miljøministeriet (1995) International Survey of Architectural Values in the Environment, Ministry of the Environment and Energy, The National Forest and Nature Agency, Division of Town Preservation, Denmark.
Morphet, J. (1989) Unpublished study by Birmingham University for Department of the Environment. 1989
National Playing Fields Association (2001) The Six Acre Standard: Minimum Standards for Outdoor Playing Space
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ODPM (2002) Living Places. Cleaner, Safer, Greener, ODPM, London.
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OPENspace (Jul 2003) Health, Wellbeing and Open Space: Literature Review
OPENspace (Mar 2002) Open Space and Social Inclusion: Local Woodland Use in Central Scotland
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Phua, M-H and M. Minowa (2004) A GIS-based multi-criteria decision making approach to forest conservation planning at a landscape scale: a case study in the Kinabalu Area, Sabah, Malaysia, Landscape and Urban Planning, In Press.
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Ward Thompson, C and M. Scott Myers (2004) 'Community Perceptions of Local Landscapes'. Landscape 21, vol.1, pp. 7-18.
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Yao, X. and J-C. Thill (2004) Spatial queries with qualitative locations in spatial information systems, Computers, Environment and Urban Systems, In Press, Corrected proof available online 17 November 2004.

Web Resources

CABESpace http://www.cabespace.org.uk/index.html
CABESpace was established to influence open space strategy and activity in England. During 2003, the organisation commissioned its first raft of research projects, final reports from which are available for download.
Greencluster http://www.greencluster.org
The EC research programme Framework 5 included 5 projects funded at between 1 and 2 million Euro targeted specifically on the subject of urban Greenspace. The 'Greencluster' was subsequently established to promote sharing of findings and decision tools. The cluster will hold its final conference in November 2004, in Utrecht.
Greenspace (Research) http://www.ucd.ie/greensp/
A direct link to one of the greencluster projects, which focussed on establishing user needs, choices and perceived values.
Greenspace (Urban Parks Forum) http://www.urbanparksforum.co.uk/
Greenspace Scotland http://www.greenspacescotland.org.uk
This organisation was established recently to provide a Scottish forum, similar to that provided by Greenspace in England.
NFPA (2001) The 6 acre standard
http://www.npfa.co.uk
Although not fully available online, the national playing fields association '6 acre standard' has been widely debated and has come to provide a key recent example of how a minimum (quantitative) standard for open space might be applied. It should be noted that the standard remains a guideline of the association, rather than being protected by legislation. Nevertheless, an impact from the standard has been felt in the development of many locally established plans, and is mentioned in a range of research projects.
ODPM (2001) Revision of PPG17 Sport, Open Space and Recreation http://www.odpm.gov.uk/stellent/groups/odpm_planning/documents/page/odpm_plan_605903.pdf
ODPM Sustainable Communities
http://www.odpm.gov.uk/stellent/groups/odpm_urbanpolicy/documents/sectionhomepage/odpm_urbanpolicy_page.hcsp
A policy guidance document, which ties open space provision with various other 'sustainability' issues and drivers.
Open Space Research Centre http://www.openspace.eca.ac.uk/
Based in Edinburgh College or Art, and run jointly with Heriot-Watt University, the OSRC is holder of a strategic research development grant from SHEFC. The centre will host an international conference on open space issues during October 2004.
Project for public spaces http://www.pps.org/
The PPS website acts as a repository for a wide range of web resources, dealing with all kinds of public space. The site contains an interesting section on 'economic benefits' http://www.pps.org/topics/whyneed/econbenefits/which provides a key overview of previous research in the area.
School of Landscape, Sheffield University http://www.shef.ac.uk/landscape/
The School of Landscape as published widely in the field of public open space, and has contributed to recent publications from CABESpace.
Scottish Natural Heritage http://www.snh.org.uk/
Sustainable Development Indicators
http://www.sustainable-development.gov.uk/indicators/index.htm
Trust for Public Land http://www.tpl.org/

Selected Locally Developed Standards and Guidance Available Online

Brighton and Hove
www.brighton-hove.gov.uk/site01.cfm?request=b1100080
Dundee
www.dundeecity.gov.uk/paths/openspace.htm
East Dunbartonshire
www.eastdunbarton.gov.uk
The local plan provides detailed guidance on the provision of open space, particularly in new developments (guidance note 13 of local plan, pp 137-139).
Edinburgh
www.edinburgh.gov.uk/CEC/City_Development/Planning_and_Strategy/Natural_Heritage/NatHerIntro.html
A draft open space framework for Edinburgh is out to consultation (closes November 2004), focussed on determining the 'quality, function and accessibility' of greenspace in the city.
English Nature ANGSt model: research report
www.art.man.ac.uk/PLANNING/cure/ANGST.htm
Greater London
www.london.gov.uk/mayor/strategies/sds/open_space.jsp
Guide to preparing open space strategies.
Newcastle
www.newcastle.gov.uk/pn.nsf/a/openspace?opendocument
Sport England
www.sportengland.org/index/get_resources/resource_ps/kitbag_front_page.htm
Provides a 'good practice guide' to support planning of new housing developments. The 'kitbag' is divided into assessment of local needs, delivery, and examples of good practice.
Stirling
www.stirling.gov.uk/dan_openspace_a4-2.pdf
Development advice note on play and informal recreation areas in new housing developments. Uses the NPFA standard as a reference/benchmark.

Further Reading

Al-Kodmany, K. 1999, 'Using visualization techniques for enhancing public participation in planning and design: Process, implementation, and evaluation', Landscape and Urban Planning, vol. 45, pp. 37-45.
Bromley, R., Hall, M. & Thomas, C. 2003, 'The impact of environmental improvements on town centre regeneration', Town Planning Review, vol. 74, no. 2, pp. 143-164.
Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs ( DEFRA) 2003, 'Sustainable development - the UK Government's approach', Sustainable Development, updated 20 th August 2004, viewed 31 st August 2004,
http://www.sustainable-development.gov.uk/index.htm
Department for Transport, Local Government and the Regions ( DTLR) 2002a, Green Spaces, Better Places: Final report of the Urban Green Spaces Taskforce, DTLR, London.
Department for Transport, Local Government and the Regions ( DTLR) 2002b, Urban Greenspaces Task Force Working Group 4: Improving Planning, Design, Management and Maintenance, DTLR, London.
Groat, L. 1982, 'Meaning in post-modern architecture: An examination using the multiple sort task, Journal of Environmental Psychology, vol. 2, pp. 3-22.
Herzog, T. (1989) 'A Cognitive Analysis of Preference for Urban Nature', Journal of Environmental Psychology, 9: 27-43.
Luttik, J. 2000, 'The value of trees, water and open space as reflected by house prices in the Netherlands', Landscape and Urban Planning, vol. 48, pp. 161-167.
Office of the Deputy Prime Minister ( ODPM), 2002, Living Places. Cleaner, Safer, Greener, ODPM, London.
Nasar, J.L. 1998, The Evaluative Image of the City, Sage Publications, London.
Planning Advice Note 65: Planning and Open Space
http://www.scotland.gov.uk/library5/planning/pan65-01.asp
Scottish Enterprise 1997, Streets Ahead, Scottish Enterprise, Glasgow.
Scottish Executive 2001, Rethinking Open Space. Open Space Provision and Management: A Way Forward, Kit Campbell Associates, Edinburgh.
TPL, The economic benefits of open space
( http://www.tpl.org/tier3_cd.cfm?content_item_id=1195&folder_id=727)
Urban Task Force (1999) Towards an Urban Renaissance. London, E&FN Spon.

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